Table 1 Comparison of CCSVI studies
From: Vascular pathology in multiple sclerosis: mind boosting or myth busting?
method of detection | no. of patients | no. of control subjects | main findings | CCSVI in MS | author | year | ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TCCS | 89 MS | 60 | alterations of intracranial venous haemodynamics in MS patients | + | Zamboni et al. | 2007 | [5] |
TCCS-ECD (+ selective venography) | 65 MS (65 MS) | 235 (48) | high association of venous outflow anomalies with MS (OR43). Selective venography: multiple extracranial venous stenoses in all MS but none of the control subjects | + | Zamboni et al. | 2009 | [6] |
TCCS-ECD | 109 MS | 177 | presence of CCSVI (≥ 2 criteria) in all MS patients but none of the controls | + | Zamboni et al. | 2009 | [1] |
ECD | 70 MS | n/a | extracranial signs of abnormal venous outflow in 91,4% of MS patients | + | Simka et al. | 2010 | [10] |
ECD | 25 MS | 25 | extracranial signs of CCSVI (≥ 2 criteria) in 84% of MS patients but none of the controls | + | Al-Omari and Rousan | 2010 | [11] |
TCCS-ECD | 56 MS | 20 | absence of CCSVI (≥ 2 criteria) in all MS and control subjects | - | Doepp et al. | 2010 | [13] |
TCCS-ECD | 20 MS | 20 | absence of CCSVI (≥ 2 criteria) in all MS and 95% of controls | - | Mayer et al. | 2011 | [14] |
TCCS-ECD | 289 MS 21 CIS | 189 | Higher prevalence of CCSVI (≥ 2 criteria) in MS (56,1%) compared to healthy controls but low sensitivity/specificity | +/- | Zivadinov et al. | 2011 | [15] |
TCCS-ECD (selective venography) | 50 CIS (7 CIS) | 170 | Ultrasound criteria for CCSVI in 8 CIS patients, no venous anomalies detected by venography. | - | Baracchini et al. | 2011 | [12] |
selective venography | 31 MS 11 CIS | n/a | extracranial venous outflow anomalities infrequent in early MS, more prevalent in late MS | +/- | Yamout et al. | 2010 | [22] |
selective venography | 342 MS | n/a | venous stenoses detected in 97% of patients previously diagnosed with CCSVI by ultrasound | + | Ludyga et al. | 2010 | [23] |