Table 1 Time course after LPS infusion in healthy volunteers

Variables

Pre-Dose

1 h

1.5 h

2 h

2.5 h

3.5 h

4.5 h

6.5 h

8 h

24 h

P-value

HEMODYNAMICS

SBP (mmHg)

140 ± 14

139 ± 11

152 ± 11

158 ± 18*

151 ± 18

142 ± 22

121 ± 18*

107 ± 11*

104 ± 11*

131 ± 11

<0.0001

DBP (mmHg)

74 ± 10

74 ± 7

80 ± 7

77 ± 12

65 ± 12

61 ± 14*

54 ± 11*

55 ± 8*

55 ± 7*

66 ± 7

<0.0001

MAP (mmHg)

96 ± 11

96 ± 9

104 ±7

104 ± 13

94 ± 14

88 ± 16

77 ± 13*

72 ± 8*

71 ± 7*

88 ± 7

<0.0001

Heart rate (bpm)

61 ± 16

59 ± 11

78 ± 19

78 ± 18

92 ± 12

98 ± 8

101 ± 8

97 ± 11

96 ± 13

81 ± 16

<0.0001

HR/MAP index

0.64 ± 0.11

0.62 ± 0.11

0.75 ± 0.17

0.76 ± 0.22

1.01 ± 0.22*

1.15 ± 0.26*

1.36 ± 0.32*

1.36 ± 0.27*

1.4 ± 0.22*

0.92 ± 0.16*

<0.0001

TRYPTOPHAN METABOLISM

IDOc activity

29.4 ± 6.8

30.5 ± 7.4

30.3 ± 6.2

30.2 ± 6.8

30.2 ± 6.4

28.2 ± 3.6

28.6 ± 7.2

38.1 ± 10.9*

44.0 ± 15.2*

36.3 ± 12.3*

<0.0001

ADHESION MOLECULES

sEsel (ng/ml)

34 ± 16

38 ± 18

35 ± 16

40 ± 18

44 ± 24

82 ± 48

184 ± 90*

289 ± 133*

243 ± 95*

208 ± 81*

<0.0001

sVCAM-1 (ng/ml)

307 ± 108

330 ± 120

315 ± 103

326 ± 100

319 ± 109

326 ± 122

403 ± 86*

542 ± 92*

550 ± 91*

553 ± 130*

<0.0001